Industrial Fluid Dynamics: Emulsions in the Petrochemical Industry

Abstract

The extraction of crude oil in the petrochemical industry frequently results in the formation of stable water–oil emulsions, which hinder transportation and refining processes and increase operational costs. These emulsions are generally stabilized by natural compounds present in petroleum, such as asphaltenes, and are further aggravated by conditions such as process turbulence during extraction and the presence of fine particles. Efficient separation of these phases, known as demulsification, is essential to ensure oil quality and to meet industry standards. Among the methods used to promote this separation, the addition of certain chemical agents—such as calcium chloride (CaCl₂)—stands out, as it has proven effective in destabilizing emulsions by reducing interfacial tension and promoting the coalescence of water droplets, thereby facilitating their removal from crude oil.